What You Pawn I Will Redeem Response Paper

â€Å"What You Pawn I Will Redeem† (Response Paper) â€Å"What You Pawn I Will Redeem† by Sherman Alexie is the story of the mission of the humorous character of Jackson Jackson. Jackson Jackson is a homeless Spokane Indian in search of money to repurchase the regalia that was stolen from his grandmother about 50 years ago. He embarks on a journey to collect 999 dollars, the amount of money the pawnbroker is willing to sell the regalia for. Throughout this journey, the humorous character of Jackson Jackson unravels to reveal a man of culture.Although Jackson has left Spokane to attend college in Seattle, his Indian culture remains an important part of him. He constantly speaks of his Indian beliefs, ways, and customs. In the opening sentence, Jackson immediately acknowledges that he is Indian and differentiates his race from â€Å"hungry white folks† (8). As the story progresses, he uses many other statements to distinguish his race; he explains that Indians â₠¬Å"don’t want to be perfect, because only God is perfect† (11). This distinctive Indian belief is used to prove that the regalia indeed belonged to his grandmother.Jackson’s culture also proves to play a substantial part in his decisions in regards to the money he needs for the regalia. Whenever he happens to gather a bit of money, it is always squandered almost immediately after, due to Jackson’s over-abundant sense of generosity. After winning one hundred dollars from a lottery ticket, he gives a fifth of it to Mary, the cashier in the Korean grocery store. At first, Mary refuses, but Jackson insists that it is, yet again, â€Å"an Indian thing† (18). His cultural sharing tendency also leads him to spend the remaining eighty dollars on whiskey shots for everyone at the bar.One can say that his decision was driven by alcoholism as well as ignorance, but the sense of family among those of his own race also impacted him when he decided that â€Å"[h e] and his cousins [were] going to be drinking eighty shots† (18). Clearly, Jackson’s Indian nationality not only distinguishes him from the white people of Seattle, but also makes a large impact on his actions and his decisions. Nevertheless, Jackson is not solely defined by his title of â€Å"a Spokane Indian. † Although his culture drives many of his actions, redemption also plays an important role in making up Jackson’s character.At first glance, the short story is about a man striving to repurchase his grandmother’s old regalia. However, if one looks deeper, the regalia may symbolize redemption, hence the name, â€Å"What You Pawn I Will Redeem. † Jackson’s hidden objective is to bring his grandmother back to life, or at least redeem some part of her. By redeeming a part of his grandmother, he is able to redeem a part of his home in India. Jackson’s longing to redeem his home in India also contributes to the theme of a lack of a place to belong. Jackson can be considered homeless both physically and symbolically.Because he does not have the financial means to provide shelter for himself, he is physically homeless. Jackson is also homeless symbolically, for he cannot find a home in society. He flunks out of his college, losing a place in the campus, and he ruins his attempts at marriage, losing his partner in life. In the beginning of the story, Jackson holds a place in the community of the homeless Indians, and he considers them â€Å"[his] teammates, [his] defenders, [his] posse† (9). However, he soon finds that one member of the group, Rose of Sharon, has left and hitchhiked back to Toppenship to live with her sister on the reservation.Later, he realizes that another member of his group, Junior, has also left and hitchhiked down to Portland, Oregon. When Jackson visits the Indian bar and befriends Honey Boy and Irene, he finds that at the end of the night, they too have disappeared. Finally, the Aleut cousins, also homeless Indians, disappear as well, said to have either drowned or disappeared north. Jackson’s status of a loner in society is further solidified as one by one, his â€Å"posse† (9) disappears. In conclusion, Alexie’s short story illustrates a cultural character looking for redemption, as well as a home.

The Contribution of Religion to Societies and Cultures in the 20th Century.

â€Å"Religion which does not have an impact on culture is a toothless tiger. † This quote exemplifies the idea that if religion did not impact an individual, it would have the same effect of a ferocious tiger not being able to exert its force. From the Latin religio (the respect for what is sacred) and religare (to bind, in the sense of an obligation), the word religion is an organised collection of belief and practice systems, focusing on what people determine to be sacred or spiritual.Throughout history and societies across the world, religious leaders have used sacred narratives, symbols and traditions in an attempt to give more meaning to life and to gain wisdom through the understanding of the universe. In every known culture throughout centuries, a form of religion is found, practiced either within a public manner within a group, or in a private sanction. The practice of religion can be found through different practices such as feasts and festivals, God or gods, music a nd art, meditation or initiation, sacrifice or service, and other aspects of culture.A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦.In order to gain insight of its contributions within cultures and society, it is important to look at this question with a sociological perspective. While a majority of people believe religion to be an individual process, as peoples beliefs are highly personal, religion is also considered to be a social institution. Social scientists recognise that religion exists as an organised and integrated set of beliefs and behaviours centred on basic social needs and values. Thus, religion is a cultural universal found in all social groups.The definition of a society is a community of people living in a particular region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations. Living within a societal range, we are accustomed to accept or reject the ideas of religion in which society develops and displays. When considering the impact of religion on a society this can have both a positive or negative impact. â€Å"Religious communities live by analogy: they see connections between God and humanity, between the spiritual and the material, and between the human persons who form the wider community.They value relationships and context and harmonious order. † Archbishop Thomas Collins. Religion discusses the extremely debatable questions such as ‘the meaning of life’. This leads into deeper questions such as â€Å"Who am I? Is there life after death? Is there a God? † Although these questions may seem impossible to answer, for individuals it brings a sense of comfort and belonging in search for those answers. It brings an individual self-worth and happiness, and the feeling of something to live for.This is one of the main reasons people decide to follow a certain religion – to bring them self-pleasure and to do right by their religion, therefore contributing positively to society. The overall contr ibution of religion is about beauty. In literature, architecture, painting, sculpture and even film we discover the exhilarating and inexhaustible depth of beauty in life. Under the topic of beauty, religion enters subtopics that emphasizes the giftedness of beauty, promotes beauty to enhance human flourishing, and encourages the response of awe and gratitude.The Bible is still considered one of the greatest works of literature of all time. This sacred text is universal, having the ability to reach out to an international audience. The Bible has the ability to build a community as cultures find these stories relatable. Also, the beauty in architecture found in places of worship is outstanding. This shows that the religious imagination recognises the ferment in the community before the beauty of such structures, such as the Sistine Chapel, attracting thousands of tourists daily to admire the beauty.Another major contribution of religion to society is the promotion of justice through the pursuit of common good. International figures such as Ghandi, Martin Luther King, Dorothy Day, and Nelson Mandela are stellar representatives of religion who helped change oppressive social, economic and political systems – benefiting not only there society, but cultures around the world. Although religion can impact society in an extremely positive aspect, it can also be used as a manipulative tool for its promotion.It can encourage violence when religious believers are convinced that their views are being challenged, leading to an outbreak in wars. A recent example was associated with Islamic Terrorists being linked to sporadic violence in Uzbekistan. A man of god, Ulugbek Kodirov, entered the USA with the plan of assassinating Obama as he ‘knew this was what he was supposed to do for Islam’. He stated he was acting at the direction of an Islamic terror group in his home country. When analysing this situation, the manipulative ability that eligion can empow er over an individual is drastic. If it has the power to impact the individual, obviously the society will become involved. Geographically small cultures within Iran/Iraq can be hugely influenced by religion, as their cultures would focus on the main foundations that it provides. Another example of this is the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a militant movement which was operating in northern Uganda, South Sudan and entered the Central African Republic.The group’s main source of ideology is Christian fundamentalism; however, these followers under the group leader Joseph Kony (who proclaims himself as the spokesman for God) have been accused of widespread human rights violations, including murder, mutilation, child-sex slavery and abductions. This is a clear example of where the contribution of religion negatively impacts a culture – as a small society is more susceptible in acting for these violent crimes, as their knowledge of the outside world is censored. The f act that religion in these types of societies is monitored, doesn’t allow the individual to practice by oneself.Sacred texts are edited to suit the religious dictators views, punishments are ensured when one does worship correctly, and it is very rare for the ability of individuals to privately worship their personal beliefs. â€Å"There are those that advocate that the voice of religion be silenced, or at least relegated to the purely private sphere. There are those who argue that the public celebration of festivals such as Christmas should be discouraged. These are worrying signs of a failure to appreciate not only the rights of believers to freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, but also the legitimate role of religion in the public square. Pope Benedict XVI In conclusion, religion is the backbone to our society. Although it has the capacity to negatively impact cultures, it also has the ability to share insight into the future generation religious leaders. Many r eligions send across the same message, having the same values and methods of worshipping. When these values are taken on board, it can provide positivity in different cultures, giving individuals renewed hope and a positive outlook on life.

Nutrition From Infancy to Adolescence Term Paper

Nutrition From Infancy to Adolescence - Term Paper Example For determining child’s nutrient needs at any stage, his rate and stage of growth are considered fundamental factor. Other factors include: body size, physical activity, health state, and basal energy use. A wide range of body requirements are based on individual characteristics (Lucas, Beth, and Sharon 103).The main objective here is to briefly analyze the nutrition needs of children from infancy through childhood and adolescence. Infancy Nutritional needs of infants are not very different from adults, it includes, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins. Yet, there is a difference in three major aspects. Firstly, the energy need per unit of weight is higher than that of adults. Secondly, the food for infants should incorporate a higher portion of tissue-building material, such as, protein, mineral elements, and vitamins as compared to adult food. Thirdly, infant diet should be consisted of food which is appropriate for the digestive capacity of this particular age. Moreover, qua ntity of the foods should be adjusted according to the needs of growing child (Joshi 166). Infancy is a robust growth period of child’s life and spans from birth to one year of age. Within six months after birth, an infant doubles his birth weight and triples it by one year. Meaning thereby, a newborn with 2.7kg at birth will be nearly 5.4kg at six months and 8kg in one year. During infancy, child begins crawling, babbling, sitting, and even walking in some cases. Usually, girls are faster than boys in these respects (Joshi 166). There are different nutrition needs in all the three phases. Initial needs of an infant are fulfilled by breast or formula milk, but later needs are satisfied by appropriate food as he starts eating. Using common sense when it comes to selecting an infant’s food in addition to a nurturing and relaxed environment leads to better health and well-being. At first year, child’s growth directly reflects the level and quality of nutrient intak e (Whitney and Rolfes 547). According to ICMR, daily intake of 120 calories per kg of bodily weight is recommended during first six months that should be reduced to 100 cals/kg of body weight during next six months (qtd. in Joshi 170).Joshi explains that high protein is essential to support the rapid growth and breast milk is ideal and recommended source to provide it (170).ICMR advocates 2.3-1.8g/kg body weight of protein intake during first six months and 1.8-1.5g/kg in the next (qtd. in Joshi 170). In early days, simple carbohydrates should be fed because amylase (a starch digesting enzyme) is not produced by body. The enzyme starts functioning in third or fourth month when starch is introduced. Adequate amount of fluids are essential for urinary excretion. Because of the absence of teeth in infants, only liquid or semi-liquid foods should be given until teeth start to develop. Infant body has limited storage for iron, therefore, iron, in addition to vitamin and minerals, particu larly calcium and phosphorous supplementation is vital. Initially, these supplements can be given as drops of oral preparations and later in a form of mixture with milk or fruit juices, but amounts should be kept moderate(Joshi 170). Breast milk is ideal for infant as early period of 4-6 months are of rapid development, particularly brain growth. In addition to protein, amino acids and fats in breast milk are ideal to meet these needs. It also contains anti-bacterial, anti-infection agents, and immunoglobulin that works for immune

What is economic growth Discuss the factors that promote economic Essay

What is economic growth Discuss the factors that promote economic growth in ( Australia ) - Essay Example The factors that promote economic growth within Australia comprise of its service sector which depicts around 68% of the GDP. Also the role of the agricultural and mining sectors is of utmost essence as these signify about 57% of Australian exports (Blackie, 2008). Economic growth within Australia is bolstered by being dependent on imported crude oil as well as petroleum products. The economic growth is manifested time and again by the strength of the Australian Dollar which has made its mark not only within the nation but also in the Commonwealth comity of nations. The inflation is at 2.8% by 2010 estimates and Gini index stands at 0.331 by 2009 figures (Dixon, 2010). In 2010, $210 billion worth of exports were recorded which suggests for success within the economic growth modules. It can be easily suggested that the economic growth domains within Australia are set on the right pattern and one can look forward to seeing more similar dimensions coming to the fore with the advent of

Human Superiority Myth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Superiority Myth - Essay Example What is right for us can be wrong for them. Stephen Budiansky, the author of the book If Lions Could Talk considers animals as intelligent as we are, but explains that it is another kind of intelligence. To test animal intelligence for him is the same as to test a blind person giving him a written IQ test. Budiansky asserts that every animal has his own sort of intelligence. Monkeys performed far superior to rats in test based in visual discriminations, though rats are better in the same test based in smell discrimination. "The branching tree of evolution has not just one culmination, but millions of culminations -- represented in every living species on earth today," he writes. "Each is a brilliant success at what it does." And it is the nature of such "brilliance" that remains to ponder" (Gabriel, 2000). As for language, animals speak, but their way of communication differs from ours. Researcher have counted that our closest relatives, apes, with whom humans share an astonishing 98.4% DNA, use nearly 68 different sounds in their communication. "Orangutans may have the most impressive individual call of any ape, the long call. It begins with a low soft grumble, modulating in pitch like a string bass player using vibrato" ("The Animal Communication Project", n.d.). This one means that this territory has an owner and possibly calls females. Some orangutans accompany this call by crashing snags. In response this call triggers long calls from neighboring males. The pant-hoot - is one of the best-studied chimpanzee vocalizations. "It begins with breathy, low-pitched hoots that segue into a series of quicker, higher-pitched in-and-out pants, as if the chimp were trying to play harmonica without an instrument. Finally the pant-hoot builds to a loud... The researcher states that human superiority is reconsidered today. Its peak is the animal rights movement, which final aim is to equate humans and animals beyond the law. Peter Singer, author of Animal Liberation, argues that we need to extend rights to the great apes, in the first instance, followed by all other animal species. People have always considered the most distinctive feature between them and animals the sophisticated language. As Joel Wallman, author of Aping Language, explains, "...language, at least in the European intellectual tradition, is the quintessential human attribute, at once evidence and source of most that is transcendent in us, distinguishing ours from the merely mechanical nature of the beast". In the 18th century a French philosophy, Julien Offray de la Mettrie, wrote a book titled L’Homme Machine. He thought that all the creatures on the Earth are the mere machines and suggested that the reason animals â€Å"cannot speak is not because of any inf eriority in rationality to human beings but because of ‘some defect in the organs of speech.’ He believed a young ape could be taught the use of language†. The researcher then concluds that people have overestimated our superiority and this has led to the colossal losses in nature. We use animals in our needs: kill them for fun, abuse in experiments; take from them their living territory, treat cruelly. Nobody has given us such a right. And we must do our best to save and preserve what can be still saved and preserved and make animals our friends.

SWAT Weapons and Vehicles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWAT Weapons and Vehicles - Research Paper Example They are essential to carry out the assigned roles, and are used in varying tasks like breaking a door, to hitting a suspect with a hostage from 100 feet or maybe more. Besides the weapons, they use armored vehicles, which are strong enough to withstand small firearm bullets, and easy to maneuver aircrafts, which they use to quickly move during emergency situations. They use Armored Rescued Vehicles specifically for saving the civilians and officers whose lives get under threat by armed criminal attacks. SWAT team’s array of armored vehicles (van, tactical tracks, buses, and cars) are designed by distinguished companies e.g. Ford, General Motors among others to fit their ability and movement in rescue and barricading operations. The helicopters also support their movement in critical emergency situations, as well as rescue in rescue missions. Most local helicopters may lack proper defense, but those of the federal SWAT teams are well designed and equipped for defense against a ssaults. The establishment of this specialized unit of law enforcement can be traced back to the period of social and group unrest and increasing threats against the US, which was during the last half of the 20th century. Major political and social issues were bubbling up and in response to change, insecurity and threats became common with the increasing civil organizations’ riots and societies’ upheavals. The traditional police efforts felt inadequate to the increasing crime problem, which if mishandled, caused lots of destruction. Hence, the SWAT unit was developed to respond to such rare incidents, but it has widened its scope of operation over time. The Watts riots of 1965 in Los Angeles and the Whiteman sniper of 1966 in Texas called for more preparedness to such incidences from police departments, which influenced the formation of the 1st US SWAT unit (LAPD SWAT

Does physical location impact collaboration between groups Essay

Does physical location impact collaboration between groups - Essay Example People from one PC could connect to any other who is in any part of the world with one of the medium called as Net Meeting which is provided by the Microsoft. CMC (Computer mediated Communications) which is in short for communications takes place between people through supported media which can either be audio/video conferencing, emails, chat rooms etc. In a global scale this technology helps organizations to gain competitive advantage as they respond to the customers needs quickly. There have been a number of researchers that has been going on to make a break through in this particular area. Usually, GSS (Group Support Systems), and groupware represent trends in practical collaboration that have fulfilled the demands. A large number of people who have been using the internet as a tool for communication, over the last few decades have faced a significant change and have been a considerable growth as well. A speculation is been carried out whether having to attend a meeting in person is as important as it is in the virtual world in a group. The issues that are occurring when 2 different technologies communicate with each other are emphasized here. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) and GroupWare are the 2 technologies, with the help of these technologies; people can work as virtual groups from any part of the world which makes it convenient. There is a certain improvement of the results when these technologies are implemented and the decisions are made real quickly. The relevance of the present work lies in the fact that the scarce amount of literature on similar topics does not represent the scope of the problem and the real impact of the groupware in the fulfilling of the common tasks by virtual groups should be subjected to close consideration and research. The core idea of the work is whether the physical location (or, better, co-location) if the groups influences their performance in the fulfillment of the common tasks, and how the effects differ between co-locative groups and those which simply use groupware in their collaboration. For the aims of the present work it is necessary to look at the process of the performance of virtual groups in the use of the groupware for the fulfillment of the common tasks. It is also necessary to use the AST as the basis for the present research, as this theory allows deeper understanding of the processes which take place among the members of the virtual group at the time they us groupware for the fulfillment of the common task. It is necessary to define the changes which occur to each of the four decision-outcomes criteria for the better understanding of the impact of groupware. The data acquired through the work will be analyzed through comparison between the co-locative group and the one locating in different parts of the world but using groupware for the fulfillment of similar tasks. Adaptive Structuration Theory In management science, Adaptive Structuration describes the theory which was described by Anthony Giddens, which was further expanded and modelled by DeSanctis and Poole. The social and Intrapersonal affects that use technology on groups is emphasized here. Giddens rejects the extreme positions in the agency-structure debate, positioning in the process that human action, while institutionally constrained,

The Boston Molasses Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Boston Molasses Disaster - Essay Example A lawsuit was filed against the company and a bitter legal battle ensued after the disaster. Negligence and errors in design were finally proved to be the most obvious reasons explaining the tank failure. This event raised public morale to combat high handed corporates who did not pay much attention to environmental issues and public safety. And the technical aspects of the disaster are also extremely vital. A simple and stationary storage tank had behaved in a strange manner. This signals poor understanding of chemical engineering. Designing a storage tank is not just a mechanical engineering topic. Chemistry of the material to be stored in the tank is highly important. Continual research on the Boston Molasses Disaster can help the engineering community to learn from past mistakes and understand the importance of industrial safety in the context of holistic disaster management preparedness. Background The Boston Molasses Disaster: What happened? The Center for Chemical Process Safety or CCPS has furnished a very concise but informative description of the Boston Molasses Disaster. On 15th January 1919 morning, a large storage tank in northern Boston blasted releasing tons of molasses. The steel tank was 50 ft or 15 m high. It had a diameter of 90 ft or 27 m containing nearly 2.3 million US gallons of molasses. All the rivets sealing the tank walls were spattered in the manner of machine gun firing, and chunks of steel were hurled across the area. Consequently, a wave or molasses rising above 15 ft or 5m began to surge ahead from the site of the blast. The wave had a speed of about 60 km/hr and traveled across two bocks of the Boston city with great momentum. Consequently, 21 people were killed, above 150 were injured, several buildings and vehicles were smashed, and the municipal system was completely disrupted. See Figure – 1. (CCPS 2007) Figure 1: Photographs showing the site of disaster before and after the molasses tank failure took place. Source: CCPS (2007) 1.1.2 The technology/engineering involved The CCPS (2007) has utilized a sound technical a pproach to describe the disaster. This approach is contextual with relation to both the old and new paradigms of engineering. The old paradigm of early 20th century engineering technology was devoid of facilities like computer aided design (CAD), industrial control systems, etc. The new paradigm is modern 21st century engineering which has power of new discoveries and superior computing efficacy. In sum,

Marketing Proposel For a Product Research Proposal

Marketing Proposel For a Product - Research Proposal Example The company can target especially the women and geographic markets for the product. In order to market the product, the company would have to devise certain effective implementation plans that include conducting surveys, meetings and analyzing the products of the competitors. The aforementioned strategies and the plans would ultimately support the company to effectively market the product of Special K. 2. Company Description The Kellogg Company which is prominently acknowledged as Kellogg’s or Kellogg is regarded as a multinational company that manufactures various food products such as vegetarian foods, crackers, cereal along with convenience foods and snacks among others. The official headquarter of the company is positioned in Michigan, United States. The different products of Kellogg’s are produced in 18 countries and promoted in excess of 180 nations. Kellogg’s started its production as Kellogg’s Corn Flakes in the year 1906 and significantly develope d a product line of well-known readymade cereals over the years that comprise Kellogg’s All –Bran, Complete Bran Flakes and Rice Krispies among others. It has been apparently observed that Kellogg’s arrived into the business of health food that manufactures significant number of products which are sold in different markets. Consequently, the company is earning considerable profits through its effective production as well as packaging strategy (Brown, Keegan, Vigus, and Wood, â€Å"The Kellogg Company Optimizes Production Inventory, and Distribution†). The vision of the company is to deliver quality products for making the world healthier. The main objective of the company is to provide healthy nourishment to every members of a family throughout the globe so that they can lead healthy life ahead (Kellogg Co., â€Å"Staying Focused. Going Further†). The various environmental initiatives as well as focusing upon different sustainability aspects ultima tely supported the organization to attain success in this competitive marketplace (Michman & Mazze 127). 3. Environmental Analysis Political The production of agricultural products provides certain risks and uncertainties for the organizations intending to sustain in this competitive financial market. . Kellogg’s efficiently performs its business operations in different regions throughout the globe. It has been observed that varied government policies as well as regulations imposed unfavorable impact upon the company that ultimately affected its decision-making procedure by a significant level. The production, marketing and distribution of the food products that are exposed to governmental regulations are increasingly becoming complex day by day. Apart from the dissimilar governmental policies and regulations, certain other factors within the political context such as licensing requirements, trade as well as pricing practices and environmental factors also laid significant im pact upon the operations of the company. Moreover, the increment in tariff rates comprising value added taxes also had an immediate effect upon the business operations of the company (Kellogg Company, â€Å"Risk Factors†). Economic It has been viewed that McDonald’s performs its operational functions in different regions throughout the globe. The company fixes the prices of its products by taking into concern the economic situation of the countries where it operates.

Reading reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading reflection - Essay Example 16). Current advancements in the disciplines of science and technology are recorded to make the world aware of them. A number of old scriptures linking tales of human development and tales of human life in those intervals have been of wonderful assistance to humanity. The following paper will further my interest in literary works with reference to interpreted details. Why the literary work captured my interest Even though the idea of a conscious literary world led major writers, their works are absolutely most beneficial for clarifying what it truly is. With a comprehension of a human conscious, literary works are able to be applied in life through their facets. So far, studies on such literary works are held inside the referenced book. Majority of old literary works concerning the unconscious are held within language and history. The understanding of dreams apart from a brief description is difficult to stumble upon (Massi, 2001, p. 33). Basically, these writers used to believe that the unconscious is the section of the human mind that is past consciousness. Nevertheless, this section has a well-built influence on our actions. Dreams are a highly crucial technique in researching the unconscious mind. ... The need to explain and record human encounters and inventions outlines the fascination I have for understanding such works. Recently, there has been a fresh insisting in the literature scrutiny of the text arising from a variety of simultaneous theological ideas. It ought to arrive as no astonishment that Form Disapproval, with its emphasis on literary genre and compositional scrutiny, ought to have guided towards even larger emphasis amongst students on the literary features of a text (Iannone, 2005, p. 6). Except from this fresh wave of research, people are less into finding out the beginning and spread of narratives, psalms or predictions. The literary outlines the last form of the text. As a result, the change towards the conventional literary works and research most likely reflects a standoff in the discussions over source condemnations. One of the analytical approaches outlined in the text Freud defines displacement with the use of an example of the Sappho-dream of a patient, rising and plunging. In other words, being up and down is established as the central point. Nevertheless, the dream is concerned with the risks of sexual relations with people of low level. Condensation is viewed since the dream is meager, worthless and concise, when compared to with the variety and copiousness of the dream-judgments (Massi, 2001, p. 50). The literary analysis of the text has been the leading interest of every principal strategy to the study of the Bible. Starting with the ancient literary analytical strategy, the analysis ends with the form critical strategy. Nevertheless, the contributions made by these strategies have been great, and also stained with excessive doubtful subjectivity in opposition to the unity and honesty of the text. Regularly, the literature interests

Existentialism - God Essay Example for Free

Existentialism God Essay What is the meaning of life. The meaning of our lives, the purpose, and the dreams both dashed and realized, and the expectations forced upon us by others. In other words how do you translate what life is? Translation means to explain in simple terms. What is it supposed to be about? There are different answers for different people at different times in their lives. A persons lifetime is filled with self-examination. Why am I here? What am I doing? Is this as good as it gets? You have a beginning. Youre in the middle, and your story hasnt ended yet. If one would recognize the greatest things we have in life, they would not be asking this question. These great things are faith, hope, and love. Faith is the one that can keep one from asking questions. If God wanted us to know something, then we would know it. In most religions, Christian ones in particular, the question of meaning in life is inextricably wrapped up in a relationship with God. Living in, for, with, and through him. Therefore, how one answers the meaning of life question bears directly the existence of God. Soren Kierkegaard said to be the father of existentialism maintains that there are three basic answers to the question of the meaning of life. He called these stages of life, because he believed that people progressed from one stage to the next. Whether or not that is true, there do seem to be at least three fundamental outlooks on life. One is a life devoted to pleasure. This value perspective can be shown by a person whose only concern is for what they are doing now. They would rather gain from pleasures in life without any regards to how they might affect their future. Another stage is those choosing ethical and moral paths. People who are honest and loyal demonstrate this in their everyday lives. Finally, there is a live religiously. This has been the popular way of life for many of us. It is going to church and practicing your faith Stace argues, the present age has begun to weaken faith in God. The concept of a supernatural person has begun to seem unlikely to many people. The Bible no longer seems as respected for many Catholics. While many people say they believe in God they are beginning question whether faith and God are the answer to the meaning of life. Most of us whether we choose to admit it or not show that material things are what we base our lives around. These ideas are at the heart of existentialism, which is a view of life that says that human beings are the creators of their own sense of meaning or purpose. The most famous existentialist, John Paul Sartre in his books and novels developed several themes that portray existentialism. The first is the notion that existence precedes essence. A legacy of traditional philosophy has been that we have a fixed human nature. Sartre challenged that we have no such set purpose or meaning. Our real meaning or who we are is a result of our decisions. We are what we decide. The second associated concept is the importance of human freedom. Sartre believed that every human being has the freedom to live life as we choose to. He believed that we are often terrified by our freedom, and in fact frequently do not want to take responsibility for our own actions. This attitude Sartre called bad faith. Bad faith is an act of self-deception in which we rationalize our actions as being caused by circumstances instead of being self-caused. Basically blaming others for our own deceptions and mistakes. The third major concept of existentialism is the idea of the Absurd. The philosopher Albert Camus popularized this concept. The concept of the absurd is promoted by atheistic existentialist, such as Sartre and Camus. The similarity between Christian and atheistic existentialist is the significance of human freedom and the belief that we are the makers of our own lives One of the most significant pieces of the decline of religious faith is the continuing awareness that there may not be any purpose in life. Both Albert Camus, and Stace, write from this perspective. They believed that traditional Christians have found security in the belief that their lives are invisibly directed or orchestrated by God. That we have assumed that God has a plan for our life, that things happen for a purpose. But as we experience, if we do, the decline of faith or the reality of God in our lives, we come to realize that perhaps we are more responsible than God is for what happens to us. We begin to realize or suspect that it is we, not God, who is the creator of our lives. We are responsible for who we become. Of course, there are always going to be those people who doubt everything God stands for. For them, the body dies and eternity is darkness, I suppose. The fight is going to be, perhaps even as it has been a battle between those who reject God and the, and those who know that God is real. The soul is ones conscience. Without the acknowledgement of that soul, there is no inner voice that helps guide him in the decisions that he makes. Yet, the soulless atheists still seek to discover the meaning of life, and this is where the battle is fought. They are simply stating that there is no meaning to their lives they have no soul, there can be no meaning. Theists realize life isnt fair. People arent created equal. Atheists believe that until all people actually are equal, life is meaningless, and this is the connection we have to make for them. People are not equal, people will never be equal, and if this equality is the requirement for accepting the meaning of life, then life will always be meaningless. If ambition brings about advantage, those advantages must be neutralized. This is the goal of the atheist. If there is nothing but darkness after life, the goal must be to create heaven on earth. Everyone has questioned their purpose in life for example in his article, My Confession, Leo Tolstoy has gone through his life without ever really questioning the meaning. Then he periodically questioned it until one day he eventually could not picture himself living anymore until he came up with an answer to his questionings. All the things he was thought to be living by no longer made any sense or had any meaning at all to him. He tried to answer his question many different ways, but whichever way he went he kept coming up with a dead end. He first thought the answer must be his family. Although he loved them very much, as humans they are confronted with the same questions he is. They are living this lie right along with him pretending that they have all the answers, or just simply ignoring the questions. He next thought the answer to be in his work. Eventually, coming to the realization that with all of his success in art and poetry he had become distracted. He was using art as a decoy. Without knowing his answers to the meaning of life, it was wrong and useless to depict these lies to others. He soon felt as if life had stopped, and was even contemplating suicide when he came to the realization that faith is present in each one of us and is what makes our lives meaningful. Everyone must believe they have a purpose here, for if they didnt they would not be living at all. For life to have true meaning, that meaning must come external to the individual and be somehow consistent with life as a whole. Christians would argue that only God could grant this. It is the helping hand, which guides us through life with an honest and loving heart. Jesus is the only man to lead a true, meaningful life. His life is really the only life of meaning and it is only through him that we have the opportunity to live meaningful lives. Without accepting this answer, one will have only difficulty for the rest of their lives, especially in answering the question of the meaning of life. If you accept this answer, however life is much simpler, because your search is over. Jesus said, I am the way, the truth, and the life? John 14:6. The way the truth and the meaning of life itself. There are scriptural accounts of people claiming to see God, and while a witness is more proof than no witness is, there is no way to scientifically verify these statements. They must be accepted purely on faith. Some say that the existence of humans or planetary balance is proof that God exists. These do not prove He exists. Christians believe God is in control of everything in the universe, and created the same. God created all beings, and every atom in this universe. We know God exists because He says He does. The bible is His word, left for us to read. Psychologist Viktor Frankl wrote in Mans search for Meaning that we should not ask what we expect from life, but what life expects from us. He was making the point that people must deal with what daily tasks are put in front of them. Instead of arguing and complaining, we have to take action. Our strength is shown through the soul survival of the hardships we face. Which brings us to the problem philosopher John Hick was facing. In his article, The Problem of Evil he asks the question, if God is perfectly loving, he must wish to abolish evil. But evil exists; therefore God cannot be both omnipotent and perfectly loving. The very fact that there is such suffering gives good cause to doubt not only the value of the whole human race, but also the existence of God. A God that can be said to care in the slightest for whats been created, any God who has power over all things, who is anything other than a horrible monster who finds cruel unusual joy in squeezing every last drop of suffering out of them. It would rule out anything even vaguely resembling the God that Christians speak of. A God who deserves our utter hatred not our worship. However, Hick found that although harsh and painful, evil did have purpose in the world. He stated in his article, the finest characteristics of personal life must have a good deal in common with our present world. It must operate according to general and dependable laws: and it must involve real dangers, difficulties, problems, obstacles, and possibilities of pain, failure, sorrow, frustration, and defeat. Without these sufferings, we would not be able to know what happiness and love really was. Evil provides us with the possibility of soul making, and according to free will, we must choose our fate. The Laws of nature must be abided by without them the world could not exist. God may be creating the lesser of the evils. There must be suffering in order for God to give inner strength that compensates for loss, and gives the sufferer inspiration to live faithfully and effectively. What God provides are the resources so we can face the suffering and make something positive come from it. He gives the direction and power to make these resources work. He gives hope and wisdom to find the way past the suffering, and to learn from it. John Paul II gave us an outline of what is believed to be the salvific meaning of suffering. Suffering as he wrote in the Apostolic Letter Salvifici Doloris, cannot be transformed and changed by a grace form outside, but from within? This question of human suffering is not answered directly by God. As man begins to share in the sufferings of Christ, the answer is discovered within in him. Suffering changes and can either increase or decrease, and in those moments Christians become aware of Gods closeness. We are given inner peace and spiritual joy when we suffer generously. When we are suffering we are never alone we are with Christ. With Christ everything has meaning whether its moments of happiness and peace or of pain and suffering. Nothing in life can be fully explained without God. . Look to the bible and Jesus gives us the answer. Love God with your whole heart, mind, body and soul. Love your neighbor as yourself. If you do this, you are following all the commandments. Humble yourself and give the praise and glory to our creator. God the Father our creator is love and he loves you very much. God created us to worship him and he deserves all the praise because he is the first and the last. He has no beginning and no end. Just look around and take in all the beauty he has created. Everyone is special and made in the image of God. We are nothing without our creator. Sin will keep us from God for he is pure and perfect. It is hard to let go of pleasure and putting ones self first. However, the key to peace and happiness is to surrender your freewill to God, the author of life, and he will give you complete, happiness, peace, contentment and purity you are looking for. That is what we were created for. God is made evident every day when the sun comes up, and there is still air to breathe, and you made it through the night. One cannot believe that everything we know was created by accident. Things are just too perfect to have happened by chance. Man is too corrupt a creature to have invented the beautiful things in the world, as in faith, hope and love. He allows evil in this world because He wants us to have the opportunity to choose either Him or evil, thereby proving our love for Him. If His were the only game in town, then there would not be a free will conscious choice for Him. It is evident that the meaning of life has to far to complex for any one to fully understand or agree on the same answer. All these ideas of these different philosophers are not necessarily inaccurate, just incomplete. All pieces to a puzzle that one has no way of fully figuring out. No one has seemed to accomplish this yet in life. There are so many obstacles that we face as we try to achieve a higher good. Many of these are based in the fact that we are human beings, and because of that are flawed by the ways of our culture. Things such as self-doubt, worry, ignorance, and the values put into our heads since the day we were born all are roadblocks on our way to a higher level. Also being human beings makes vulnerable to the ways of the world around us, so it is not easy to block these things out of our lives. This life is a stage in which we are to develop our minds, bodies, and souls to their highest potential in preparation for the afterlife. Only God could ever really show anyone true meaning.

Factors Affecting Health Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Health Essay Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Ageing population Youthful population Dependency Ratio www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Youthful Population – a population with a very high proportion of young people under the age of 15 Fold along here Dependency Ratio – the ratio between economically and noneconomically active population – normally expressed as a % www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION What is meant by the term ‘dependent population’? Yr 10 Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here The people who are not working and are therefore dependent on the economically active population (ages 0-14 and 65+) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Define the term Infant Mortality. The number of infants dying before the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year Fold along here Yr 10 Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Population Distribution – how a population is spread out over an area Population Density – the number of people living in a given area 2 (people per km ) Fold along here Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Population Distribution Population Density Population Explosion www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Population Explosion – a very rapid increase in population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION What does DTM stand for and what is it used to show? DTM stands for The Demographic Transition Model – this is a model showing population change over time in relation to changing birth and death rates and the consequent change in overall population Fold along here Yr 10 Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Natural Decrease – the fall in population caused by deaths exceeding births. Natural Increase – the rise in population caused by births exceeding deaths Fold along here Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Natural Decrease Natural Increase Depopulation www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Depopulation – a decline in the numbers of people living in an area due to out-migration or changes in birth and death rates. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Population Growth Rate – the increase in population over a year – normally expressed as a % Population Structure – the age and sex composition of a population Fold along here Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Population Growth Rate Population Structure Population Pyramids www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Population Pyramid – a diagram used to show the age and sex of a population (also known as age-sex pyramids) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Name the following case studies: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · A case study to show the consequences of an ageing population A case study to show the consequences of a youthful population A comparison of population structures between a LIC, MIC and HIC www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com A case study to show the consequences of an ageing population – UK – East Devon (Torbay) A case study to show the consequences of a youthful population – The Gambia (Africa) Fold along here A comparison of population structures between a LIC, MIC and HIC – Philippines, Brazil Germany www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Name the following case studies: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate An example of a densely populated area of the UK A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Fold along here ï‚ · Yr 10 Population A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate – China’s One Child Policy An example of a densely populated area in the UK – London and the South East A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) – Singapore’s â€Å"3 or more Policy† An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK – Scottish Highlands www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION The world’s population is unevenly distributed Some areas have a high population density eg, Asia / 2 Europe (75+people/km ) Other areas of the world have a low population density 2 e.g. Canada/Greenland and Russia (

The Prevalence of Microorganisms in Hospital Wards

The Prevalence of Microorganisms in Hospital Wards CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Hospital acquired infection are also known as nosocomial infection are infections acquired from healthcare services (hospitals) during treatment, which are secondary to the patients original condition. The source and spread of organisms inside the hospital are important issues, human related organisms or the body flora, also found in clothing are spread through shedding during human activities(Ekhaise et al., 2010). Although many such infections occur in patients, infections acquired at work by staff members also are considered nosocomial infections. Many factors can contribute to the acquisition of nosocomial infections, and no single factor or condition to explain why they occur. The most significant factor for determining the outcome of infection is the immunological state of the host. The nosocomial infections are often related to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures that are routinely employed in health care. For more than a century, this issue has been recognized as a critical problem which affects the quality of healthcare and a principal source of adverse outcomes. The patients who are immunocompromised are often hospitalized and undergo invasive examination and treatments thus hospital environment may facilitate the transmission of microorganisms among patients. The intense use of antibiotic promotes antibiotic resistance for the pathogenic microorganisms whereas changes in the medical practices continually present new opportunities for the development of infection (Dilip Kumar et al., 2013). According to Baveja in 2002, the term hospital acquired infection, hospital- associated infection, hospital infection or nosocomial infection(nosocomion,meaning hospital) is defined as infection developing in patients after admission to the hospital ,which was neither present nor in the incubation period at the time of hospitalization . Such infections may become evident during their stay in the hospital or sometimes after their discharge. According to Gupte in 2006, sources of hospital acquired infection are infecting microorganisms from fellow patients which may be multidrug resistant, infecting organisms from hospital staff, infecting organisms from instrument, blood products, intravenous fluid, from patient’s normal flora, etc, insects are also source multidrug infection, organism may be present in air, dust, water, antiseptic solution, food, surfaces contaminated by patient’s secretions, blood fluid, etc. In all over the world weather it is a developing or developed countries, this hospital acquired infection have assumed worrisome proportions in all healthcare scenarios (Col Shivinder Singh, et al 2015). As much as 80% of the estimated hospital deaths are related either directly or indirectly from Hospital Acquired Infection (Hughes et al, 2005). Patients are likely to get sick in hospital due to wide variety of microorganisms which are responsible for many different kinds of hospital infection. Thus during the stay of patients in the hospital it has become increasingly unsafe place. Thus infection has become a significant health hazard and requires great expense for final outcome of treatment. Infection safety (IC) is a quality standard which is essential for safety of patients, staff and visitors. It involves issues like clinical governance, risk management, quality of health and safety which affects most departments of the hospital (Dhayana Sharon Ross et al., 2014). Hospi ­tals have the potential for pathogen spread because they have contact with instruments, medical furniture, medical staff, skin, air, physical facilities and drainage. Contaminated environment are the main cause for such pathogens thus strict safety biosecurity procedures is to be applied (Mazzali M et al., 2003). The common nosocomial infections are mainly include urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, respiratory tract infections, blood stream infections, skin infections, gastrointestinal tract infections and central nervous system infections. These are mainly caused by Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, E.coli etc. And the common antibiotic resistant nosocomial infections include the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE). Many different environmental factors may either help or prevent the transmission of microorganisms. Hospital environment are the one where both infected person and persons who is at increased risk of infection assemble (Mayon et al., 1988) Today HAIs affects more than 2million patients annually, at a cost of 4.5 billion (Apostolopoulou and Veldekis 2005). The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of microorganisms in hospital wards of National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore. Many different wards such as female neurology ward, male neurology ward, male neurosurgery ward, female neurosurgery ward, male pshyciatry ward, female pshyciatry ward, paediatric neurology ward, paediatric neurosurgery ward, de- addiction ward, short stay ward, head injury ward and step down ward was chosen for the study due to its high patronage by patients from all over India. Labs such as clinical microbiology lab, fluorescent microscope room, NABL room, bactec room and neuromicrobiology lab was also taken into consideration in order to ascertain the nature of microorganisms present. REVIEW OF LITERATURE When we think about hospital, one thing comes to our mind is â€Å"Hospital is the place for cure†. This revolutionary idea of treating the patients under the same roof was considered to ease the job of healing. But due to lack of knowledge of sterilization and antisepsis, it turned wrong in Pre- Listerian era leading to gangrene and death of patients which were suffering from wounds. Due to this reason a new discipline was emerged called as senics which was mainly dealing with the Hospital Acquired Infection (Nosocomial Infection). Semmelwis in 1861 with the help of medical officer and students observed the association of Puerperal sepsis in patients. Thus by the introduction of hand washing with chlorinated lime, he was successful to bring dramatic reduction in infection rate. Hospital acquired infection (HAI) are infections acquired during hospitalization, which are not present at eh time of admission (Atata et al, 2006). Due to its increased mortality and morbidity in the hospital patients these HAIs are of significant cause. HAIs are also caused due to prolonged hospital stay which are inconvenient for the patient and constitute economic burden on health care (Malhotra S, et al 2014). Dancer in 1999,depicts that microorganisms which are associated with hospital acquired infection displays two important characteristics, firstly those are the pathogens of well-established medical importance and secondly they also can withstand the hospital environment which benefits them outside temperature. Thus providing an appropriate environment niche for their survival until they transfer back to patients. Some pathogens originate from patients own flora especially those who are immunocompromised whereas others can survive in human tissues and thus rely upon person to person spread in order to disseminate. The patients who are immunocompromised due to underlying diseases, medical or surgical treatment, age are typically affected by nosocomial infections. In pediatric ICU, the hospital acquired infections are approximately three times higher than elsewhere in hospitals (Weistein 2006). Pathogen transference occurs most commonly by presence of bacterial or fungi in inanimate surfaces and equipment or between the hands of health professionals and patients (Kayabas et al., 2008). The transmission of microorganisms from hands of health care workers, medical equipment and surfaces which has become contaminated with a wide variety of pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms has become a significant proportion of hospital environment infection which ultimately results in crosscontamination (Sehulster et al., 2003). When compared to other hospital patients, the patients who are hospitalized in ICUs are 5-10 times more likely to acquire nosocomial infection. The risk of infection and the frequency of infection vary by infection site. The increasing incidence of infection is caused mainly by antibiotic-resistant pathogens leading to seriousness of hospital acquired infection (Weber 2006). Some of the common human pathogens like, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp, En ­ terococcus spp and Escherichia coli can survive for longer periods of time on the hospital surfaces or formites that can potentially transmit infectious organisms(Kramer et al., 2006). The primary sources of indoor air contamination are the microorganisms. When compared to outside air environment, the indoor air environment can potentially place patients a greater risk because enclosed spaces can confine aerosols and allow them to build up to infectious level. The relative humidity and/ or the moisture content of the materials determine that to what extent different micro-organisms are able to grow on indoor or outdoor materials (Dhanasekaran et al., 2009). Adebolu and Vhriterhire in 2002 reported that magnitude of hospital acquired infection is dependent upon the number and type of visitors, mechanical movement within the enclosed space, quality of hospital systems and level of hygienic conditions in hospital environment. Hand hygiene has been considered to be the most important tool in nosocomial infections control. One of the significant contributors to the outbreaks of this hospital environment infection is failure to perform appropriate hand hygiene. Resident and transient microorganisms are known to be the natural microflora of the skin of hands. The resident microorganisms survive and multiply on skin and does not cause any harm to human flora whereas transient microorganisms represent recent contamination of hands which is acquired from colonized or infected patients/clients or contaminated environment or equipment. These transient microorganisms are not isolated consistently from most of the persons. When compared to resident microorganisms, the transient microorganisms which are found on the hands of health care personnel will become as a primary source of infections. Gram negative coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus has been known to be the most common transient microorganisms (Sarmad et al. , 2009). Appropriate hand washing results in reduced incidence of both nosocomial and community infection (Kampf et al., 2004). BIBILOGRAPHY Dhyana Sharon Ross., Dr. S. Vasantha. 2014. A Study on hospital acquired infections (HAI), control and management. International journal of innovative research in science, engineering and technology. 3(1): 2319-8753. Atata, R.F., Ibrahim, Y.K.E., Akanbi II, A.A., Urinola, P.F., and Saui.A. 2006. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a tertiary health care institution in Nigeria (2000-2002), Journal of applied and environmental sciences. 2(2): 212-215. Malhotra S, Sharma S, Hans C. 2014. Prevalence of hospital acquired infections in a tertiary care hospital in India. International journal of medicine and medical sciences. 1(7): 2315-9844. Col Shivindra Singh, Col Rakhee Goyal, Brig G.S Ramesh, Maj Gen V., Ravishankar, Gp Capt R.M. Sharma, Maj D.V. Bhargava, Lt Col S.k. Singh, Maj M.K. John, Surg Lt Cdr Anoop Sharma. 2015. Medical journal armed forces India. 71: 28-32. Hughes AJ, Ariffin N, Huat T.L., Abdul Molok H, Hashim S, Sarijo J, Abdul Latif N.H., Abu Hanifah Y, Kamarulzaman A. 2005. Prevalence of nosocomial infection and antibiotic use at a university medical center in Malaysia. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiolgy. 26:100-4. Dancer S J. 1999. Mopping up hospital infection. Journal of hospital infection. 85-90. Robert F. Boyd, J.Joseph Mare. 1990. Medical Microbiology. Little, Brown and Company Boston. 1980. (1), 701-713. C.P Baveja. 2005. Arya publication. 2. Dileep Kumar Sharma, yogendra Kumar Tiwari, Nitya Vyas, Rakesh Kumar Maheshwari. 2013. An investigation of the incidence of Nosocomial infection among the patients admitted in the intensive care unit of tertiary care hospital in Rajhastan, India. International Journal of Current microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2(10): 428-435. Adebolu, T.T. and K.J. Vhriterhire. 2002. Survery of the microbial flora of the Ondo State Specialist Hospital Environment, Akure, Nigeria. National Journal of Microbiology 16(112): 91-94. F.O.Ekhaise, E.E.Isitor, O.Idehen, A.O.Emoghene. 2010. Airborne microflora in the atmosphere of an hospital environment of University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH),Benin City, Nigeria. World journal of Agriculture Sciences 6(2): 166-170. Ekhaise, F.O., O.U. Ighosewe, O.D. Ajakpori. 2008. Hospital indoor airborne microflora in private and government owned hospitals in Benin City, Nigeria. World Journal of Medical Science. 3(1): 34-38. Dutkiewicz, J. M. Augustowska. 2006. Variability of airborne microflora in a hospital ward with a period of one year. Annals of Agriculture and Environmental Medicine. 13: 99-106. Sehulster L, Chinn RY. 2003. Guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities. Recommendation of CDC and the healthcare Infection Control Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recommendation and Report. 52(RR-10):1-42. Kayabas U, Bayraktar M, Otlu B, Ugras M, Ersoy Y, Bayindir Y. 2008. An outbreak of pseudomonas aeruginosa because of inadequate disinfection procedures in a urology unit: a Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis based epidemiologic study. American Journal of Infection Control. 36(1): 33-8. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. 2006. How long do Nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious Disease. 6:130. Sarmad, M.H Zeiny. 2009. Isolation of some Microorganisms from Bar Soaps and Liquid Soaps in Hospital Environments. Iraqi Journal of pharmaceutical Sciences. 18(1). 18.Muller J.H., J. Hinton. 1941. A protein-free medium for primary isolation of gonococcus and meningococcus. Proceedings of the society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 48:3330-333. 19.M.H.Gordon, T.G.M. Hine. 1016. An experimental study of the cultural requirements of the Meningococcus. British Medical Journal. 2(2916): 678-684. 20.Baure, A.L., M.M. Kirby, J.C Sherris, M. Turck. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 45:493-896. Not Written in Referrence. Apostolopoulou, E., and Veldekis, D. 2005. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in intensive care unit: excess nursing workload, extra costs. Icus Nurs Web J.. Gupte S. The short text book of medical microbiology.Japyee brothers medical publishers (p) ltd: New Delhi; 2006. 471-473. Weinstein.A.Nosocomial infections Update.www.ftp.cdc.gov/pub/eid/ vol4no3/adobe/weinstein.pdf . March-2006. Weber. Nosocomial infections in the ICU-the growing concern of antibioticresistant pathogen. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/guerv.fcgi. April- 2006. MacFaddin J.F,. 1985. Media for isolation-Cultivation-Identification-Maintenance of Medical Bacteria. Vol.1, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

The Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

The Red Badge of Courage Henry Fleming, also called the youth, is the main character in The Red Badge of Courage. He decided to enlist in the army in hopes of gaining experience and being a part of the war. Although his mother was against him joining the army, Henry wanted the adventure and glory of being part of the war. Henry had many battles to fight within himself. He put off the facade that he was a very confident and strong soldier. But in actuality he was very unsure of himself. He always would question his own masculinity and whether or not he would run or fight in battle when the time came. Henry meets two men in is regiment that he calls the tall soldier and the loud soldier. They all go through the new experience of being in war together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on when they get into battle Henry still has fears of fleeing the battle field. When the time comes to face the enemy Henry ended up running into the woods like many others. After he finds his way back to the regiment he sees what the battle has done to the soldiers. Many of his friends, including the tall soldier, died. Others were wounded. He in a way felt jealous because he didn’t have that wound, â€Å"red badge of courage† that they had to show. Henry continued on in the woods and came across a soldier. He tried to help him but the soldiers wouldn’t let him. In the disagreement the other soldier struck Henry with his gun. Henry went back to his camp and all of the men thought he had been wounded in the battle. He went along with this and many thought of him as brave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next day Henry had new insight and was not afraid of the battles.

Hand Guns :: essays research papers

I. Introduction It is estimated that in 1994, 39,720 individuals died from firearm related injuries in the United States . This figure is very alarming, especially when one considers this number not as a statistic, but 39,720 human beings. The issue that will be addressed is one that brings with it great controversy. Does our right to own guns infringe upon the rights of others to live? Would it be a greater injustice to ban the right to own guns thus saving lives? Would this action decrease pain and increase pleasure for the majority? I ask that an open mind be kept throughout this presentation, for guns impact two basic rights provided by the Constitution. The first can be found in these words at the end of the introduction: ".in order to promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" . The next can be found in the Second Amendment: ".the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed" . These two rights clearly belong to all citizens, but now one must question: What about the 39,720 individuals who were killed by guns in 1994. Were their rights upheld, or has a great injustice been committed? Whenever there is an issue which generates great controversy, there are always at least two sides or views which must be considered. There are many degrees of either freedom or control which individuals believe, but they fall into either pro gun control or against gun control. Those who are against restrictions on gun control are represented by the NRA (National Rifle Association). The NRA states the Second Amendment as ".the ultimate civil liberty- the right to defend one's own life- without which there are no rights". The NRA strongly defends any and all gun rights, for they see any gun restriction as the beginning of civilian disarmament. Those who are for gun control and regulations also have varying degrees of beliefs, but they all believe that more regulations are in order. Some want the abolition of virtually all guns, while others simply want tougher regulations on applicants desiring a gun. This side also has many organizations which work to represent their beliefs, one of which is HCI (Handgun Control Incorporated). The right to own guns is defended by many for some of the following reasons. The right to own a firearm provides the public with power.

Rationale for poetry Essays -- Economics

Rationale for poetry The areas of English taught at Key Stage 1[KS1] and Key Stage 2 [KS2] are set out in the National Curriculum [NC] document. Poetry is one of these areas. At KS1 children should read and listen to nursery rhymes and poetry, learning some by heart, and read aloud. At KS2 children should read aloud, telling and enacting stories and poems. The National Literacy Strategy [NLS] guides teachers on which poems and poetic forms to teach in the classroom. There are two recent views that the NC and the NLS are failing in their approach to poetry. Â · According to Carter, the NC for English is very limited in its approach to poetry [Carter, 1998]. He argues that the NC fails to take on board the potential poetry has to offer in many areas of a child's development such as language, sensibility and dream power. Â · Bielby [1999], as cited by Lambirth, argues that children come to school already enjoying rhyme and poetry yet this enjoyment is being corrupted by the analytical and technical approach of the NLS. Poetry should be about exposing children to poetry and allowing them to respond as children.[Lambirth, 2001] These are both valid points, but is it the fault of the NC and the NLS that poetry is seen as a challenge and daunting area both to teach and learn. I briefly intend to illustrate why it is important to teach poetry as part of the NC. Promotes awareness of language Children's ability to respond to words and sounds is almost innate. According to the Oral Language Development Continuum [1997] babies under one year old, when they babble, include all sounds and selectively drop those that do not occurring their own language. This playing continues with the development... ...ed the importance of poetry or do not have the confidence to teach poetry. Therefore poetry does not achieve it full potential for the children. Bibliography - Bentley et al, 2001 - The Really Practical Guide To Primary English, Nelson Thornes, UK Carter, D 1998 - Teaching Poetry In The Primary School, David Fulton Publishers, London Ed. Fisher, R and Williams, M 2000 - Unlocking Literacy- A Guide For Teachers, David Fulton Publishers, London Lambirth , A Feb 2001 - Gaining confidence and conviction, The Primary English Magazine p30- 32, 1997 - Oral Language Developmental Continuum, Rigby Heinemann, Perth, W.A Whitehead, M 1990 - Language And Literacy In The Early Years, Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd, London Background reading Marsh , G 1988 - Teaching through poetry, Hodder and Stroughton, London Tann, S 1992

The Nature of the Soul

In St. Thomas Aquinas' comprehensive Summa Theologica, the work consists of a detailed summary that pertains to the theological explanation on the notion of the existence of God and the relationship between God and man. The summa also tackles the divine reconciliation of man and how it is achieved through Christ. Aquinas also enumerates the nature of God and proofs of his existence through questions supported by arguments and claims. This method adopts several Aristotelian concepts where Aquinas explains the nature, origin, and purpose of the universe and how the totality of all concepts in a universal existence as an integral part in achieving that purpose. Aquinas attempts to explain the totality of universal existence of the soul, the existence of God, and Catholic doctrines through a rationalistic view. Aquinas attempts to explain the nature of the human soul by positing seven questions coupled with several objections in order to clearly define the soul’s nature. These questions ask whether the soul is a body and whether the soul is a subsistence. Aquinas’ inquiry is furthered into the question of the souls of brute animals, if man’s soul is composed of body, soul, matter, and form. The last two questions inquire on the soul’s corruptibility and its comparison to the species of angels. First, Aquinas asks whether the soul is a body and poses the following objections. The soul is a body since the soul is the foremost moving principle and the body cannot act without a soul. Thus, if there is a thing that moves but not moved, according to Aquinas, that thing is the main cause of eternal movement. Hence, Aquinas proves that the soul is a body since the soul is a mover that is moved, and every mover moved possesses a body. To further the objection, Aquinas elaborates that knowledge is caused by likeness that is integral in assuming corporeal things. â€Å"If, therefore, the soul were not a body, it could not have knowledge of corporeal things† (Aquinas 663). The nature of the soul then is defined as the main principle or essence that is present in all things that live, which Aquinas calls as animate, meaning having a soul. The inanimate are those that have no life. Life is separated by knowledge and movement. Furthermore, Aquinas criticizes the ancient philosophers of having to maintain the ideal that the soul is corporeal or specified in the physical aspect. â€Å"The philosophers of old, not being able to rise above their imagination, supposed that the principle of these actions was something corporeal; for they asserted that only bodies were real things, and that what is not corporeal is nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Aquinas 663). The ancient philosophers (the pre-Platonics, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) defined the soul as a material essence as a part of the universal order. If the soul is not corporeal or bordered by physical matter, then it cannot be construed as something real. Aquinas rejects this statement by manifesting the difference between the body and soul. â€Å"For it is clear that to be a principle of life, or to be a living thing, does not belong to a body as such; since of, that were the case, every body would be a living thing, or a principle of life† (Aquinas, 664). Thus, the soul is the act of the body, since the body in itself is the first principle that defines life. Aquinas attempts to differentiate the soul between the animate and inanimate as well as the rational and irrational souls. Unique to human beings, man has will of reason or the ability to conceptualize choice. This will of reason is also the rational appetite of the individual that attempts to fulfill its purpose and attaining the good. In addition, Aquinas answers his first objection through the soul as something that is moved. Everything that moves is definitely moved by something else but not every mover is moved. Thus, certain things remain stationary or permanent as an effect of preceding causes. This explains the nature of the soul as a thing that is not essentially moved but moved accidentally. The body is then a thing that is moved inessentially, contrary to the soul. To be moved means that the soul passes from being a potential to being real or actual. The soul transcends from bodily knowledge through the intellect – immaterial and universal. However, God is the source of understanding and therefore is the only being capable of true understanding. Furthermore, the soul is divided into the cognitive soul, wherein it has the choice of forming understanding and sensation. Contrary to Plato’s Theory of Forms where knowledge is derived, Aquinas argues that real knowledge comes from God: â€Å"Now participated existence is limited by the capacity of the participator, so that God alone, who is his own existence, is pure act and infinite† (Aquinas, 671). Knowledge is then formed through the combination of the potential or passive senses (body) and the active or actual intellect (soul). On the question of the soul’s subsistence, Aquinas equates the soul as an act of understanding, meaning that the soul is the action of the body. Thus, the soul necessarily becomes incorporeal (separate from the body) and subsistent. Man can only understand the nature of all physical things through the body. â€Å"For it is clear that by means of the intellect, man can have knowledge of all corporeal things. Now whatever knows certain things cannot have any of them in its own nature; because that which is in it naturally would impede the knowledge of anything else† (Aquinas, 665). Man’s experiences are then dependent on the body, which is the only avenue in understanding the physical knowledge, different from the understanding of the soul. Similar to the foremost arguments and objections, man’s soul is rational, and thus separates itself from that of animalistic reason. â€Å"The body is necessary for the action of the intellect, not as its origin of action, but on the part of the object; for the phantasm is to the intellect what color is for sight† (Aquinas, 666). Thus, these mental images are essential in acquiring knowledge as well as utilizing the use of sense experience in order to abstract such forms for understanding. On the notion of the soul’s incorruptibility, Aquinas argues that the soul may be corrupted in two ways: per se and accidentally. He argues that any substance that can be corrupted accidentally is impossible since corruption is considered as a thing, along with existence. â€Å"Therefore, whatever has existence ‘per se’ cannot be generated or corrupted except ‘per se’; while things which do not subsist, such as accident and material forms, acquire existence or lost through the generation or corruption of composite things† (Aquinas, 672). Man’s soul is then dependent on the subjective sensual experience that the individual experiences everyday in attaining the ideal since man is created in the image and likeness of God. The passage also implies causal explanations towards the nature of man’s choice—that every actions constitutes a reaction that necessarily ‘corrupts’ the soul of man. This corruption comes from man itself and not from another generation or cause. The soul remains pure while the body experiences corruption because of misleading sensual experiences that does not act as universals. In addition, Aquinas adds that even though the soul may be composed by matter and form, it still remains incorruptible for corruption possesses contradiction. â€Å"Since generation and corruption are from contraries and into contraries. Wherefore the heavenly bodies, since they have no matter subject to contrariety, are incorruptible†¦there can be nor contrariety in the human soul for it receives according to the manner of its existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aquinas 673). The attainment of knowledge lies in the nature of man’s soul where the intellectual capability of the individual is a separate entity from that of the soul while remaining a part of the soul. The soul is also the capacity to reason, a similar term used by Platonic philosophers and the like as a means of attaining knowledge. Aquinas shares the same similarities with Aristotle as man’s essence is its rationality. However, Aquinas does not total man’s entirety with rationality, contrary to Aristotle. In addition, Aquinas also rejects the nature of innate ideas of Plato since the physical mind forms ‘phantasms’ that are derived mental images from sensual experience. From this, human being form passive knowledge from experience and the soul forms active knowledge. â€Å"Further, if the soul were subsistent, it would have some operation apart from the body. However, it has no operation apart from the body, not even that of understanding; for the act of understanding does not take place without a phantasm, which cannot exist apart from the body† (Aquinas, 665). These phantasms are not considered as universal knowledge since there is would be subjectivism instead of an objective standard of truth. According to Aquinas, God is the only source of knowledge contrary to a subjective sensual experience which contradicts the notion of an objective truth. The soul is then a reaction, the unmoved object that grants substantial truth as it relates itself to the function of the body. Moreover, the body is also an integral part of knowledge, as it provides sensual experience that directly hands abstractions. Though sensual experience does not necessitate in becoming universal knowledge, the soul’s active intellect filters the passive knowledge of the body into one. However, even though sense experience is necessary in formulation phantasms or mental images of an object as well as a universal concepts that applies to all things, it is impossible to have knowledge of a particular material object because there is already a conception of a mental image of it. Though the way to know the essence of a physical object is through abstraction, we cannot entirely have a real grasp of what that object is. All knowledge then is necessitated as abstract. This abstraction process leads to the use of scientific knowledge where there is an inkling of knowledge through cause and effect. On the other hand, it remains that the intellect has limitations with regard to abstract knowledge. We may have a concept or a grasp of what is sweet or sour through experience but we can never understand the real meaning of sweetness and sourness in itself.

Teacher in America

Final Paper My C on the whole To natural influenceion More than ever, I turn over that my focalize is in the enlightenroom. I consecrate directly consummate(a)d two and a fractional years of program line and be in possession of had a cope of emotions and questions running through me. fewmagazines they do me question whether I should be in the classroom or non. I mean, how kitty I be a in noneffervescenter and admit e rattling these blackball mentations and tactile propertys ab protrude how our instill system ladders. I conception I was solely in feeling this elan. However, from the readings, reflections and discussions during the course of this class, I do instantly realized I am non al mavin in feeling this course.In fact, nigh t from separately oneers harbour the aforesaid(prenominal) apprehensions that I shargon. One major topic I withdraw noticed since becoming a teacher is how my views on pedagogy occupy changed. Before I became a teacher I sorbd things about education that ar not at all correct. I thought that when I became a teacher, it would be in reality easy. After all, my teachers (and mother) make it beguilem fairly easy. I was wholly wrong. I thought I would be able to stand up there, teach and all single student would visualize what I would be teaching. I thought all the students would do their mold, be fuck off and learn to me.Boy was I mis simulaten. There be so umteen different learning styles that I clear to accommodate for, different activities I have to baffle up with in order to spark the students interests, and behaviors I neer dreamed I would have to act up with. I am only into my ordinal year of teaching I have been teaching for only three years, and each year I have had to prep ar changes to accommodate the types of students I have. Some teachers assume the students will be the uniform all(prenominal) year and do not experience changes at all. The learning process for each individual student is different.For some, it jazzs easier, for others it can be might be a itty-bitty more difficult. Teachers who develop classroom plans base solely on beliefs and expectations born of their admit keep experiences are desirely to be ineffective (Hinchey Pg. 23). almost of us became teachers because someplace in our past we had a really good experience with inculcate and our teachers. skilful because what we experienced was good does not inevitably mean that the same exact thing would discipline with our students today. I k right off that I catch myself looking back to when I was the same age as my students.I am often trying to do things with my students that my teachers did with me. non surprisingly, a lot of them are not sounding as I thought they would. Before my first day of teaching, I had true expectations for my students. Starting off with the same expectations that my teachers had for me is not feasible where I teach. Most public work teac hers come from significantly different cultures than their students (Hinchey pg. 27). I know I have had to completely ad vindicatory my way of thinking in the classroom because my educational experience is the complete opposite of what I teach.When I was a student, my friends and I had complete support from adults in our lives. Today, my students impregnablely have any(prenominal) adults around them outside of shallow guiding them in the right direction. When I was in high school, there was no question about receiving your high school diploma and vent to college. In my community, a high school diploma alone was not good large, you ingested to reward that college degree. In the district I work in, the atmosphere is different. In Waukegan, volume act care earning the high school diploma is golden.One big assumption of mine that has changed in my short three years of teaching is thinking all students are the same outside of school. When I was growing up, it seemed that my l ife and my friends lives where all the same. Consequently, I grew up civilize for granted that everyone lives where a mirrored image of mine. training opened my eyeball up to see how wrong I was. I have some students who come from a love home with two working parents, and wherefore I also have some students who are homeless because both parents are in prison.As teachers, we are told to treat every student the same, plainly that is completely impossible. all(prenominal) student has his or her bear apologue and each of those stories needs to be tempered differently. I have also questioned my give birth judgment on what it factor to be well educated. Being well education should not only preserve to what is wise to(p) inside of a school building, scarcely also what is lettered outside of the school walls. I have a lot of students who are educated about topics that are not covered be a school curriculum, so should I cypher that knowledge to be worthless because they did not learn it in a classroom?Is your education measured on what you are taught or what you return? If it is based on what you remember, then most of American can fall into the category of being uneducated. The nous forgets what it does not use. In fact, it is impossible to remember everything you have been taught. There is not enough space in the brain to take for all those facts. Lastly, Students from sorry communities often have their own very strong leaven that schooling is not likely to sacrifice a significant difference in their own lives (Hinchey pg. 24). I hear students parley like this everyday in my classroom.I evermore hear how is this going to apply to my life, its not like I am going to college anyway. These students think there is no try for for them. As a teacher, how am I supposed to change the minds of 15 and 16 years olds when this is what they have been told their whole lives? This is a battle that those of us who teach in urban schools fight everyday. Ye s, I believe it is historic to educate our students on academics, provided I believe it is more important teach our students how to set realistic goals for themselves. Goals they are truly able to obtain.One major drawback of school is the way it is structured. School has a one size fit all curriculum, which doesnt work. There are so many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) different learning styles with students. Schools need to come up with a unique way to be able to aid each student in his or her own learning style. Schools also incline like factories, which isnt a surprise because they were founded when the boorish moved more towards an industrialized economy. Students, near like factory workers, have l realize the process of lining up, walking in straight lines and staying quiet for long periods of time.Is this how schools should be? Schools have been functioning this way for decades. If we made changes, would it benefit or harm schools? If all it takes to succeed is hard work, then woeful state must be lazy. passing(a) I tell my students that if they want to be successful in life they need to work hard. However, this does not mean that race are poor in force(p) because they neer worked hard. In fact, poor people work harder than most rich people. Most poor people work several sectionalisation time wrinkles averaging 50-60 hrs a week at a minimum wage rate.They work more hours than a middle class person, moreover still make a lot less money. Next time you go out to eat, pay help to who is working hard, for minimum wage, in the kitchen. earlier than believing economic success comes from hard work, and failure from laziness, students must ask what to a fault laziness might explain wherefore so many families are animation in poverty and why the widening chasm between our wealthiest and poorest citizens. It is my telephone circuit to get my students to believe that they can meet their goals, if they are ordain to put the effort i nto it.However, because of the struggles seen at home, many of them cannot see their future in a positive way. My students liven in a poor community and that know a lot of people who have earned their high school diploma but cannot find a dainty art close by to where they live. If they want a decent job they have to trigger off far. Sadly, many of them do not have a car and their only means of transportation is the metropolis bus. As a result, it may take over an hour for them to get to work so many of them do not take the job. As someone who has had a car since I turned 16, I do not know what it is like to struggle without a car.Twenty miles does not seem far to me, but to someone who doesnt have his or her own means of transportation, it could be excessively much of a hassle than what the job is worth. I know understand why people do not take job offers that are a certain distance from their home. This trickles down to the teenagers. Its no ask they think it doesnt theme if they work hard, they wont find a decent job anyway. I never considered myself privileged just because I was white. However, since reading Hinchey, I now realize how much easier my life is just because of my skin excuse.Before I started teaching I was mostly around Caucasian people people who are just like me. I was able to go shop without being harassed. I was able to take any job I cherished without having people think I got the job only because of my skin color. Basically, I never had to worry about anything. Now that I work (and live) in a city where a mass of the population is either Hispanic or African American, my eyes have been opened to how people of color are mistreated. My students see and experience this in their everyday lives. I am fight on how to teach my students how to overcome this.As of now, I have not figured out a way. One thing that my students have pointed out to me, as well as Hinchey, is that white people hold most of the power in our country. A majority of CEOs, politicians and even every president, until President Obama, has been white. No wonder my students think they will perpetually come arcminute to the white man, they have only known white people to be in charge. This class has been very beneficial in my teaching practices. As a new teacher I feel I am still naive about certain things that relate to school. I have unceasingly try to teach my students to the best f their abilities. sometimes I would be scotch because they went avaricious certain basic concepts. I now view learning, teaching, school and society in a completely different way than I did before starting this class. I am now less frustrated with my students since learning more about their annals and thoughts towards education. My whole thought on how schools are operated has also changed. The current ways that schools function is not conducive to help the students in urban schools in any way. It is actually harming them. As teachers, we need to take a stand and fight for what is best for our students.As an educator, I am teaching for each and every one of my students. I am educating them not only on academics, but life issues. They are 1 and everyone or everything else comes second to that. As teachers, we have every and any obstacle to overcome that one could imagine. We actually do not have the cosmos behind is pushing us preceding we have it in front of us pushing us backwards. Right now, I would like to challenge myself that, no matter what hurdles I may come across in my practice, that I ceaselessly fight for my students to put them first and always have whats best for them in mind.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

L & D Assignment 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development Submitted By Pravin Bang Submitted To, Prof. Abhishek Kumar Psychoanalytic Theory, conceived by Sigmund Freud and developed and modified by his colleagues, students, critics and later by ‘neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm in the 19th and 20th centuries, has been a significant influence and contribution to psychological research, treatment of mental illness and a general clear understanding of the development and functioning of the human psyche[1].Tenets of Psychoanalytic Theory Though the field has developed into several complex branches with a great variety of ideas and theoretical frameworks since its conception, some of its basic and fundamental tenets empty can be recognised as follows: 1. )Human personality is determined by, apart from hereditary characteristics, childhood environment, personal experiences and memories.It is not a science., is not reached the conscious mind. 3. )The above concept was later evolved into the idea of the Id, Ego and Super Ego, by Freud. Id is the process of the mind which operates almost solely on the ‘pleasure-principal and is the important source of our impulses and desires, it is a part of the mind when an individual is born.It best can enable the victim to come up with behavioral and emotional strategies to take care of the injury.

)Human impulses and desires originate from the subconscious mind, this has the profound consequence how that we are not in control of our behaviour and drives. The main human instinctual drives are sex and aggression.Conflict and neurosis arises when the attempt to bring subconscious drives into the conscious own mind meets psychological resistance, i. e.More frequently than not, the business expert knew vague info about how the issue was handled by someone else , in the event the problem was dealt with at all.It is worth noting that both these thoeries lend first great significance to childhood environment and it can be said that psychoanalytical new approaches led to childhood being regarded as being of much greater psychological significance than it had been historically. Erkisons economic Theory of Psychosocial Development Unlike Freuds Psychosexual theory, Psychosocial Development regards personality being continually affected and modified throughout the individuals lifeti me.Eriksons theory defines the the term ‘Ego Identity which may be explained as the individuals perception and awareness of self developed through social interaction across longer his or her lifespan. Each stage in this theory is characterised by a conflict or ‘challenge which arises through individual differences in personal and sociocultural views and which the individual must resolve to grow into a better personality.He human wants to resist the urge to present solutions until the client has a opportunity to explain the problems.

)Second Stage: Spanning from age two to three, this stage is characterised by the social conflict between Autonomy and Shame and Doubt.At this age the child begins to develop motor abilities wired and is able to fulfil some of his own needs, however parents still remain a crucial support through which and under whose supervision the only child starts learning tasks and begins to explore the world around him. Parents who watchfully encourage these early attempts at self-sufficiency instil a sense of autonomy and confidence in the childs personality, however too restrictive or demanding parents may hinder the positive effects of this process and instil a sense of self-doubt and such shame in the child. .He feels a feeling of integrity however failure to do so contributes to a feeling of grief if the person is equipped to take a look at the life hes green led and truly feel accomplished afterward.d. )Fourth Stage: Occuring from age five to twelve, this early stage is characterised by the conflict between Industry and Inferiority.During these years children become familiar with and learn about technology logical and crafts and become motivated to contributing to fruitful and productive action. During this stage the child develops a sense or cooperation and willingness to â€Å"do it right†.Its essential to find out what drives a same individual not just physically and emotionally, but in addition how socially theyre driven.

Those who receive proper encouragement logical and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self logical and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will good feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. f. )Sixth Stage: Covering young adulthood from age 20 to 24, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Intimacy and Isolation.Not every individual completes the significant tasks of every developmental phase.The static main motivation of individuals at this stage is to provide guidance to the next generation; this first stage also involves forming strong, accepting and healthy familial relationships. Failure at this stage leads to a feeling of stagnation. h. )Eigth Stage: The final developmental stage, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Integrity and Despair.Folks best can be treated if theyre not treated.

, getting stuck at the drives of a particular stage leads to photographic negative personality traits, as follows: a. Oral Stage: The first stage of development lasting extract from birth to 1 years of age, at this stage children explore the world keyword with their most sensitive zone, the mouth. Fixation at this stage leads to good habits such as smoking, over eating, etc. b.Conversely, they may be cured but not treated.d. )Latency Stage: Lasts from six years of age until puberty, successful resolution of this stage leads to development of social and people skills and ability to build and maintain relationships. e. )Genital Stage: Final developmental stage, lasts from puberty to most of the adult life, successful resolution leads to psychological independence from parents.Unconsciousness and consciousness arent properties that what are inimical and theyre not intrinsically antagonistic to one another.

â€Å"The problem of ego identity†. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 4: 56–121. 3. ) Marcia, James E.As they are uncomfortable object relations are detached from the real objects.Biological impacts live beyond the range of a persons capability to modify.Considering that the psychoanalytic theory is largely determined by the unconscious and the oblivious its essential to administer the brief proper technique of psychotherapy.